Modern Problems and Opportunities in our Society

Introduction In modern society, people are facing serious problems that have impacted negatively on their lives. These problems are social, economic or political problems (Davis, 2004). These problems have led to the deteriorating development in many countries of the world. The situation is severe in third world countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Problems and Opportunities in our Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The problems have caused immense suffering to the people living in these counties and huge amounts of money are being used in addressing the problems. The outcome has been vicious circle of poverty amongst the several countries. Main problems; their prevalence and how they have affected the Society The societal problems encountered today may be either natural or artificial (Guba Lincoln, 1909). The most serious ones include poverty, diseases (cancer, HIV Aids, diabetes, malaria), c hild abuse and molestation, drug abuse, corruption and racial discrimination, inequality, economic problems such as unemployment, rapid population growth and infant mortality among others. Despite the fact that some efforts have been made to reduce these problems the rate at which they are being wiped out is very low. A disease like malaria is a serious killer especially in the tropical areas that has claimed the lives of many people including young children. The other dangerous diseases include cancer, diabetes and HIV aids which are incurable. The prevalence of such diseases bring with them other problems, for instance many orphans who are left by their parents become dependency and are burden to the society.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problems like criminal injustices are very common in many countries and the most shocking thing is that they are perpetrated by the ones w ho should be against the virtue. There is no fair treatment and this has been strengthened by the increasing corruption. Discrimination is all over and people are being deprived of their rights. Discrimination leads to misallocation of resources and people perpetrate poverty among the disadvantaged groups in the societies (Guba Lincoln, 1909). Poverty is another major social problem that is threatening the lives of many civilians. It is estimated that almost more than a half of the world’s population is living below the poverty line. Child abuse and molestation has been on the increase. There has been several reported cases of rape amongst the young children, a major violation of human rights that is affecting the welfare of both the victims and those who take care of them. Drugs are being abused everyday life. Many youths’ lives are at stake due to misuse of drugs. Drugs abuse bring with them both social and economic costs. The economic costs are incurred in the sens e that rehabilitation expenses and other medical costs are incurred in tackling the drug abuse related cases. The social costs are on the user’s side since there is serious deterioration in one’s life. Rapid population growth is a demographic and social problem prevalent in developing nations. This leads to competition of the available resources and high dependency ratio in those countries. This condition has led to the emergence of other social problem due to limited social amenities. There has been an issue of gender violence among some families, a situation that has been difficult to handle.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Problems and Opportunities in our Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Almost all the problems being faced in modern world are created by the human being himself and they are increasing at a very high rate thus compromising the betterment of human welfare (Guba Lin coln, 1909). Opportunities arising as a result of the Societal Problems Every problem calls for a course of action (Goodman, 1984). In the process of addressing the above-mentioned problems, some opportunities are created for the people who are involved. International development groups are emerging out to assist the victims of poverty through provision of humanitarian aid. They require people to handle the tasks and subsequent creation of job opportunities for those handling the tasks. Problems like drug abuse are brought about by the psychological problems and therefore they call for peer counselors and appropriate advice to the victims. In addition, rehabilitation facilities need to be put in place to assist the victims. All these require well-established institutional frameworks that also require personnel and specialized facilities that need to be established. Consequently, there is creation of more employment opportunities. In a move to combat several cases of human rights vio lation and criminal injustice cases, there is greater need to maximize citizen’s welfare and enhance development in the society. There has been emergence of numerous advocacy and lobby groups to effect the desired change in the society. They are being led by human rights activists that want to see justice restored and the fundamental human rights are properly safeguarded (Davis, 2004). The efforts are also enhanced through international support whereby numerous opportunities are created and where people can share ideas and some job opportunities are created.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The most serious problems facing the modern societies have contributed to backwardness, injustices and reduced democratic space. It has been noted that majority of the problems are caused by human beings themselves (Goodman, 1984). Though the problems come along with some opportunities, the damage they cause to the society is huge and appropriate measures need to be put in place to make the world a better place to live. References Davis, G. A. (2004). Creativity is forever. Atlanta: Hunt Publishing Company. Goodman, N. (1984). Of mind and other matters. Cambridge, M: Harvard University Press. Guba, E. Lincoln, Y. (1909). Fourth generation evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. This essay on Modern Problems and Opportunities in our Society was written and submitted by user Alaya Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Three Common Reasons for Medical School Rejection

Three Common Reasons for Medical School Rejection After months of waiting and hoping, you get the word: Your application to medical school was rejected. It’s never an easy email to read.   You’re not alone, but knowing that doesn’t make it easier. Get angry, grieve, and then, if you are considering reapplying, take action.   Medical school applications are rejected for a wide range of reasons. Often it is as simple as too many stellar applicants and too few spots. How do you increase your odds of gaining admission next time? Learn from your experience. Consider these three common reasons why medical school applications may be rejected. Poor GradesOne of the best predictors of achievement is past achievement.   Your academic record is important as it tells admissions committees about your academic capacities, commitment, and consistency. The best applicants consistently earn a high grade point average (GPA) in their general education classes and especially their premed science curriculum. More rigorous courses tend to be weighted more heavily than less challenging classes. Admissions committees might also consider the institution’s reputation in considering an applicant’s GPA.   However, some admissions committees use GPA as a screening tool to narrow the applicant pool, without considering applicants’ coursework or institution.   Like it or not, have explanations or not, a GPA of less than 3.5 can be blamed, at least partly, for being rejected from medical school.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Poor MCAT ScoreWhile some medical schools use GPA as a screening tool, the majority of med schools turn to Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores to weed out applicants (and some institutions use a combined GPA and MCAT score).   Applicants come from different institutions, with different coursework, and different academic experiences, making it difficult to draw comparisons. MCAT scores are critical because they are the only tool admissions committees have for making direct comparisons among applicants – apples to apples, so to speak.   A minimum MCAT score of 30 is recommended.   Do all applicants with MCAT scores of 30 get accepted or even interviewed? No, but 30 is a good rule of thumb as to a reasonable score that can keep some doors from closing.   Lack of Clinical ExperienceThe most successful medical school applicants obtain clinical experience and relay this experience to the admissions committee. What is clinical experience? It sounds fancy but it is simply experience within a medical setting that allows you to learn something about some aspect of medicine.   Clinical experience shows the admissions committee that you know what you are getting in to and illustrates your commitment. After all, how can you convince a committee that medical career is for you if you haven’t even observed medical personnel at work?   Discuss this experience in the activities and experience section of the   American Medical College Application (AMCAS). Clinical experience can include shadowing a physician or two, volunteering in a clinic or hospital, or participating in an internship through your university. Some premed programs offer opportunities for premed students to acquire clinical experience. If your program doesn’t offer help in obtaining clinical experience, don’t worry. Try speaking with a professor or visit a local clinic or hospital and offer to volunteer. If you go this route make contact with someone at the facility who will supervise you and consider asking a faculty member at your university to establish contact with your supervisor. Remember that obtaining clinical experience is great for your application but it is especially helpful when you can specify site and faculty supervisors who can write recommendations on your behalf. No one wants to read a rejection letter. It is often hard to determine exactly why an applicant is rejected, but GPA, MCAT scores, and clinical experience are three critical factors.   Other areas to examine include recommendation letters, also known as letters of evaluation, and admissions essays.   As you contemplate reapplying, reevaluate your choices of medical schools to ensure that they best fit your credentials. Most important, apply early to have the best odds of admission to medical school. Rejection Is not necessarily the end of the line.

Using the IS-LM framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Using the IS-LM framework - Essay Example The model is represented in the form of a graph. The horizontal axis represents the national income or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of an economy. The vertical axis represents the variable â€Å"i† which denotes the prevailing interest rates in the economy. The model achieves equilibrium at a point where â€Å"IS† curve intersects the LM curve. Inflation is considered as an exogenous factor in this model in the short run. This means that in the short-run real and nominal interest rates are same and any changes in the nominal interest rates affect the demand for money in the economy. (Lipsey & Chrystal 2003) IS curve is drawn just like a conventional demand curve. The independent variable of this curve is the interest rate and the dependent variable is the national income of the economy which is denoted by â€Å"Y†. The curve is a downward sloping line. The reason for the downward or negative slop of the curve is the fact that at lower interest rates demand for mo ney â€Å"Y† is high. At higher interest rate levels, the demand drops down. This is in line with the rational behavior of consumers, institutions, businesses and governments. Since interest rate is a cost of money, many people would demand more money when it is being offered at cheaper rates. Similarly businesses will demand more money when the interest rates are low which lowers down their cost of doing business. Governments and other institutions will also borrow when the interest rate is low because of the fact that they will have to give lower amount to the party lending the fund, for the use of funds. In other words opportunity cost of borrowing is low when interest rates are low and high when interest rates are higher. All the parties needing money borrow more at lower interest rates unless the demand for money is inelastic. (Brue & McConnell 2006) IS Curve can be mathematically explained by the following equation: In the above equation, C(Y-T(Y)) represents the consum er spending part of the function. I(r) represent the investment function which is affected by the interest rates. It must be remembered that the relationship between investment and interest rate is negatively proportional at all times. G represents the government spending part which is exogenous or given. No factor affects the government spending and since it is solely determined by the government’s own policy hence it is considered as an exogenous factor. The last part of the function is related to international trade. NX(Y) represents the net import minus exports and denotes the net international trade as a function of real income. It must be remembered that the relationship between the international trade and disposable income is positive all the times. This makes sense as it tells the readers that the more income the people have, more they will be willing to spend. (Anabtwi & Smith 1994) In the diagram â€Å"Figure 1†, it can be seen that the IS curve is downward s loping. In other words, the relationship between national income (GDP) and interest rate is negatively correlated. Any fall in interest rate increases the national income and any rise in interest rate decreases the national income (GDP). The relationship is more explicitly point out in numerical figures. The rise in interest rates from 4 percent to 5 percent has resulted in the fall in national income from $700 to $600. The relationship between these two variables is negative. The relationship makes sense because of the opportunity cost

Difference between service base and population base Research Paper

Difference between service base and population base - Research Paper Example As net CNU is a vital thing in estimation of population counts there is much concentration in population census. It starts with a summarized census collection process description and universe population definition and summarizes with processes used for CNU (Bureau of Census, 2010) On the other hand, service base is system of information for managing service processes. The services should be for IT services, technical support and servicing. It focuses knowledge from the management service of a company into a single source, allowing it for effective usage and sharing. The service base operator application gives users and consumers with online back up with all benefits arising from management process. It is a 100% application on website that uses internet in communicating with customers. The communication provided is through secured protocols. The IT system is completely configurable from a basic solution to value that is full for problem management and incident management including services of configuration database. A successful description of solved problems is easily exported to knowledge that is separated into classes by various users’ and products access rights (Foulkes,

Islam in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Islam in Europe - Essay Example The chief among them is that Islamic law differs from the laws of ‘first world’ countries of Europe, and that Islam dominates lifestyle and culture of millions of Muslims in Europe (Roald, 2001, p 295- 296). Islam: Family Law The Islamic family law does not support the ‘liberal -minded ‘European family law. In European countries family laws support step families, unmarried spouse, nuclear families, free mixing of both the sexes, and above all, the equality of sexes. Conventional Islamic law holds male members of a family to be superior compared to their female counterparts. More importance is given to them and they also hold decision making power. Also, Islam propagates the doctrine of large family with many members (BuChler, 2013, p 100). Many orthodox Muslim families in Europe still abide by the Islamic family law which separates the rules and rights of women from men. However, in European countries like Bulgaria, modern age Muslim families are denouncing s ecularism (Ghodsee, 2009, p 5). The newer generations of Muslims are more in support of ‘multiculturalism’ and ‘tolerance’ policies that are held by European nations. They are not much affected by the fact that predominantly Islamic nations like Egypt has stressed CEDAW, 15th and 16th article denying formal equality of rules and right among men and women. In other words, Muslims in Europe are trying to redefine their identity outside the realm of Islam (BuChler, 2013, p 100). Conventions and Practices: With change of perspectives and outlooks, social practices are also changing among Islamic families. As in England one can find that marriages are still held through the ‘nikah’ ceremony. It is not recognized by the English court of law. With the changing of perspectives, around two-thirds of Muslim couples are marrying again to enjoy the protection of English legal systems. Also, they are renouncing pluralism of marriages as it is not recognized . They are holding their religious roots on one hand and on the other adopting the newer form. This scenario can be found all over Europe (BuChler, 2013, p 77). ‘Talaq’, another important provision of Islamic family law is â€Å"taken into consideration in gender- neutral divorce law and legal practice†. Also, in Europe, no direct legal measures taken against polygamy as because European courts do not hold polygamy as an unlawful act (BuChler, 2013, p 100). Though from time to time social issues have been raised about use of head- covering or hijab, many Muslim women still continue to wear them as a part of their religious convention. Islam: Law Council In European countries, Muslims have their own quasi- judicial institutions. These institutions are basically the shari?ah law councils which impart judgment to large sections of Muslim communities in Europe, as most Muslims in Europe do not recognize the authority and legitimacy of any other legal system. Thus the y turn up to these councils mostly with problems regarding family matters. The law councils have a separate code of law and adopt unconventional modes of settling disputes, formulated according to legal norms of Islam. One such country is England where the unofficial yet autonomous shari?ah courts serve millions of Muslims (BuChler, 2013, p 76-77). Durham,  Kirkham,  & Torfs (2012, p 6) insist that from the view point of European Courts, no discrimination is made between Muslims and non- Muslim subjects, though their ways of resolving or

Reducing Communication and Processing Overhead

Reducing Communication and Processing Overhead RACE: Reducing Communication And Processing Overhead And Ensuring Security Milu Sayed Liyamol Aliyar Abstract— RACE, Report based payment scheme for multi-hop wireless network. Race is a secure incentive protocol which used for the multi-hop wireless network, helps packet transmission and enforce fairness. The protocol uses the concept of evidences and the regularity of the nodes. The trusted party evaluates the nodes competence and reliability. The payment method recompenses nodes that impart packets and toll the send incentives and are present in the reports. It submits the light weight payment reports to trusted party for update the credit incentives. AC(accounting center) verifies the regularity of the reports. For fair reports it has less processing overhead and for cheating reports it find the cheating nodes and evicts it. RACE finds the cheating nodes by requesting evidences.For reducing the overhead, the evidence aggregation technique is used. The evaluation of performance and analysis of security demonstrates it has less overhead and less payment clearance delay. Extensive evaluation of RACE provides that it’s robust against the unauthorized access. Extensive study for restraining fraudulent is in progress. Keywords—Incentive, payment, RACE, Accounting center Introduction (Heading 1) INTRODUCTION Now-a-days the multi-hop wireless n/w application is tremendously increased. The more technology advances the more vastness of the subject increases. Multi-hop wireless n/w there are number of hop exits from origin to destination. To reduce the flooding attacks. The nodes in cooperates in imparting information from one node to another. The nodes can be malicious or selfish. In multi-hop wireless networks (MWNs), the traffic originated from a node is usually relayed through the other nodes to the destination for enabling new applications and enhancing the network performance and deployment. MWNs can be deployed readily at low cost in developing and rural areas. Multi-hop packet relay can extend the network coverage using limited transmit power, improve area spectral efficiency, and enhance the network throughput and capacity. MWNs can also implement many useful applications such as data sharing and multimedia data transmission. For example, users in one area (residential neighborhood, university campus, etc.) having different wireless- enabled devices, e.g., PDAs, laptops, tablets, cell phones, etc., can establish a network to communicate, distribute files, and share information.[1] Now-a-days the interest in multi-hop wireless networks is increasing MWNs and can be deployed readily at low cost in developing and rural areas. Multi-hop packet relay can extend the network coverage using limited transmit power, improve area spectral efficiency, and enhance the network throughput and capacity. A good payment scheme should be secure, and require low overhead. However, the existing receipt-based payment schemes impose significant processing and communication overhead and implementation complexity. The incentive schemes can be divides into two and are reputation and credit based system. Reputation based scheme Reputation schemes mainly depend on sending information from one node to the neighboring nodes and keep a track of these nodes so that can eventually helps to find the node which is corrupted or malicious. In reputation based the selfish nodes are punished. Credit based scheme Here a node relying the packets from one to other is service. In this unlike reputed scheme, the nodes are not punished when they do not cooperate. It prompts nodes to collaborate with the other nodes for transaction Multi-hop Wireless Networks Mainly develop a suite of efficient security mechanisms and protocols for mobile ad-hoc and multi-hop cellular networks. Specifically, we focus on thwarting packet-dropping and selfishness attacks, privacy preserving for user , and creating more determined routes to reduce the breaking of the routes , thus boosting the network performance in terms of end -to- end packet delay, packet delivery ratio, throughput, etc.[10] Efficient and Secure Credit-Based Incentive Mechanism We develop a fair efficient secure credit-based incentive mechanism that uses credits (or micropayment) to charge the nodes that impart the packets, and to toll those relaying packets. In this network origin to destination transfer of the node is shown. Here from origin to destination the node forms a path and the form a hop .Thus for moving from origin to destination there creates a number of hops .for multi-hop network there are number of hops from origin to destination. cellular networks. Specifically, we focus on thwarting packet-dropping and selfishness attacks, privacy preserving for user , and creating more determined routes to reduce the breaking of the routes , thus boosting the network performance in terms of end -to- end packet delay, packet delivery ratio, throughput, etc. We develop a fair efficient secure credit-based incentive mechanism that uses credits (or micropayment) to charge the nodes that impart the packets, and to toll those relaying packets. In this network origin to destination transfer of the node is shown. Here from origin to destination the node forms a path and the form a hop .Thus for moving from origin to destination there creates a number of hops .for multi-hop network there are number of hops from origin to destination. MICROPAYMENT Micropayment is a online and e commerce payment for transferring money from one system to one another node .A micropayment is a incentive transaction involving sum of money and usually one that occurs online. PayPal defines a micropayment as a transaction of less than 12 USD Applications Mesh networks may involve either fixed or mobile devices. The solutions are as diverse as communication needs, for example in difficult environments such as emergency situations, tunnels, oil rigs, battlefield surveillance, high speed mobile video applications on board public transport or real time racing car telemetry. An important possible application for wireless mesh networks is VoIP. By using a Quality of Service scheme, the wireless mesh may support local telephone calls to be routed through the mesh. Some current applications: U.S. military forces are now using wireless mesh networking to connect their computers, mainly ruggedized laptops, in field operations. Electric meters now being deployed on residences transfer their readings from one to another and eventually to the central office for billing without the need for human meter readers or the need to connect the meters with cables. The laptops in the One Laptop per Child program use wireless mesh networking to enable students to exchange files and get on the Internet even though they lack wired or cell phone or other physical connections in their area. The 66-satellite Iridium constellation operates as a mesh network, with wireless links between adjacent satellites. Calls between two satellite phones are routed through the mesh, from one satellite to another across the constellation, without having to go through an earth station. This makes for a smaller travel distance for the signal, reducing latency, and also allows for the constellation to operate with far fewer earth stations that would be required for 66 traditional communications satellite II SYSTEM DESIGN Contribution: is the first to verify the payment by investigating the consistency of the nodes’ reports without: Systematically relenting Processing security tokens imprecise allegation Proposed System Security was emphasized both for merchants and customers. Server has end to end transaction. It does not handle with public key only with the private key and message digest. Mutual authentication between users is for security purposes. Valid signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by non sender. Message digest the representation of the text in the form of single string of digit created using a formula. The comparison factors between the other existing system are symmetric key ,falcified data, duplicated data Race mechanism In the scheme it supports the concepts of reports and evidences. In the reports its of format R={R,F,X} where it gives sessions ids and flag bits and the number of packets sent through the medium. The evidences include E={R, X, Ts, H (MX), h (0), h(X), H (SigS(R, X, Ts,H(MX)), SigD(R, Ts, h(0)))}In race mechanism the portable node will send the the data to the other [10].Each node keeps information about the details of it with it temporarily. When the trusted party asks for the evidences the nodes will sent the evidences. The different phases of the architecture do different duties such as classifier classify the nodes with fair and cheating reports .the cheating reports testified and evicted from the node base on different rules. The evicted nodes are evicted from the network. While cheating occurs the trusted party asks for the evidences and the node will submit the evidences and these evidences are verified .if verified evidences are falcified data the node cannot be able sent the data to the data. III IMPLEMENTATION In the proposed system the system consists of different phases such as Communication phase Classifier phase Identifying cheaters phase Credit update In communication phase it divides into different modules such as rout establishment, data transmission evidence composition, payment report composition/submission Communication phase Communication phase is divides into different sections as shown in below. In this phase communication from one phase to other takes place. In this it temporarily stores the evidences and the reports in this phase. In communication phase it end to end communication. It uses DSR algorithm to transfer the information from one to another. It first sends the route request message (RREQ) and then its session ID’s such as origin and destination. It then send the route reply message send from the destination node. Here it contains the TTL value where TTL is the maximum number of intermediate nodes in the network. When we sent the data from one node to the intermediate node then the TTL value gets decreased. Here a hash chain root is created to send the information from origin to destination. The hash chain authenticated with the signature helps to route the data. Here the evidences are present where the evidences are unmodifiable and undeniable. Network Model Route establishment Data transmission Evidence composition Payment report composition Network Model Route establishment: The mobile nodes are probable assailant but the TP is fully solid. The mobile nodes are autonomous and self-interested and thus motivated to misbehave. The TP is run by an operator that is prompt to make certain the network proper operation. In order to establish an end-to-end route, the origin node broadcasts the Route Request(RREQ) packet containing the identities of the origin (IDS) and the destination (IDD) nodes, time stamp (Ts), and Time-To-Live (TTL). The destination node devises the Route Reply (RREP) packet for the nodes beam the first received RREQ packet, and sends the packet back to the origin node. Data transmission: The origin node sends data packets to the destination node through the established route and the destination node replies with ACK packets. For the Xth data packet, the origin node appends the message MX and its signature to R, X, Ts, and the hash value of the message and sends the packet to the first node in the route. The security tokens of the Xth data and ACK packets are illustrated. The origin node’s signature is an undeniable proof for relying X messages and ensures the message’s authenticity and rectitude. Evidence composition: Evidence is defined as information that is used to establish proof about the eventuality of an event or action, the time of eventuality, the parties involved in the incident, and the outcome of the incident. The impetus of Evidence is to resolve a dispute about the amount of the payment resulted from data transmission. Payment report composition/submission: A payment report is updated by the Trusted Party. After the Trusted Party verification any transaction is updated. By using the Certificate, Public Key, Symmetric Key, the transaction is approved. If the transaction is faulty or fraud, then the Trusted Party verifies it and the transaction is cancelled. The transaction amount will not be updated in the receiver account. Classifier In classifier the nodes consistency is determined. The fair reports and the cheating reports are investigated. Here in cheating reports it will steal the credits . The fair reports are rather complete or broken sessions. Identifying cheaters : In this phase the cheaters are identified using some rules. Our main objective of secured payment is identifying the ones who steals the credit and one who pays less. So for this the TP determines the evidences and the evidences are verified. The evidences consists PROOF where by investigating the proof we can find the cheaters. PROOF is composed by the onion hashing technique. Cheating nodes are evicted from the network. Update credits In this phase credits are updated to the account. The fair reports update in the account. Hera the public/private key pair is use for the communication and the symmetric key is used for the submission of the fair reports. After identifying the duplicated and falcified data from the network they are evicted from the network. Here when first cheating action occurs the cheating node is investigated . In my area of research the identified node is evicted from the network so that they to register again to the trusted party as well as each node is provided with trusted value ie, the node with high trust value helps to transfer the data such as the path in which the data passed is of high trust value it considered as valid path IV CONCLUSION It is of 24 bytes length. Small size reports (≈ 24 bytes).Fair reports are clear with almost no cryptographic operations or processing overhead. It reduce communication and processing overheads significantly. It effective implementation due to little storage required. In this secure values are given t each nodes is considered as future work V REFERENCES [1] Mahmoud And Shen: A Secure Payment Scheme With Low Communication And Processing Overhead For Multihop wireless networks., IEEE Transactions On Parallel And Distributed Systems, Vol. 24,No. 2, pp. 209-224, February 2013. [2] G. Shen, J. Liu, D. Wang, J. Wang, and S. Jin, â€Å"Multi-Hop Relay for Next-Generation Wireless Access Networks,† Bell Labs Technical J., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 175-193, 2009. [3] C. Chou, D. Wei, C. Kuo, and K. Naik, â€Å"An Efficient Anonymous Communication Protocol for Peer-to-Peer Applications Over Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks,† IEEE J. Selected Areas in Comm., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 192-203, Jan. 2007. [4] H. Gharavi, â€Å"Multichannel Mobile Ad Hoc Links for Multimedia Communications,† Proc. IEEE, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 77-96, Jan. 2008. [5] S. Marti, T. Giuli, K. Lai, and M. Baker, â€Å"Mitigating Routing Misbehavior in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,† Proc. MobiCom à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸00, pp. 255-265, Aug. 2000. [6] G. Marias, P. Georgiadis, D. Flitzanis, and K. Mandalas, â€Å"Cooperation Enforcement Schemes for MANETs: A Survey,† Wileyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s J. Wireless Comm. and Mobile Computing, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 319-332, 2006. [7] Y. Zhang and Y. Fang, â€Å"A Secure Authentication and Billing Architecture for Wireless Mesh Networks,† ACM Wireless Networks, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 663-678, Oct. 2007. [8] L. Buttyan and J. Hubaux, â€Å"Stimulating Cooperation in Self-Organizing Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,† Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 579-592, Oct. 2004. [9] Y. Zhang, W. Lou, and Y. Fang, â€Å"A Secure Incentive Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,† ACM Wireless Networks, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 569-582, Oct. 2007. [10] P.Visalakshi1, R. Dineshbabu2 and K. Vijayalakshmi3 1,2SRM University, MCA Department, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, India 3St. Peter’s University, Department of Computer Science Engineering, Avadi, Chennai, India

The Action Research Plan to Address Chronic Behavior Problems in Second

Positive Behavioral Supports and Interventions (PBIS) programs were developed to help children learn the valuable social and behavioral skills needed to be successful in school. Most of these interventions address teaching school-wide expectations and a shared vocabulary for reinforcing these expectations. Some students continue to have behavior problems and to create disruptions in the classroom. These students receive specialized interventions to improve behavior. The researcher's plan is to provide an intervention for students in the secondary level of PBIS. These student continue to struggle after they receive instruction in appropriate school behavior. Behavioral instruction alone is not effective for all students. In order to be successful at school children also need to have a positive attitude about themselves, caring relationships with adults, and the understanding that they have the capacity to learn. Unfortunately, many children do not have these things when they come to school. The researcher's aim to provide an intervention that helps to provide an ongoing positive relationship with a school staff member, create a safe environment for children to explore their feeling and discuss problems with a caring adult, and to creative opportunities that allow the students to be successful thereby increasing overall perceptions of self-efficacy. One potential intervention is involving families in behavioral interventions. Reinke, Splett, Robeson, and Offutt (2009) found that parental involvement in all levels of PBIS increases the effectiveness of interventions. The Family Check-up model combines school based PBIS interventions with family supports. This model serves to address home-based factors which have been shown in inf... ...Public Health Perspective. Psychology In The Schools, 46(1), 33-43. Sitler, H. (2009). Teaching with awareness: The hidden effects of trauma on learning. Clearing House, 82(3), 119-123. Sutherland, K. S., Conroy, M., Abrams, L., & Vo, A. (2010). Improving interactions between teachers and young children with problem behavior: A strengths-based approach. Exceptionality, 18(2), 70-81. Sutherland, K. S., & Oswald, D. (2005). The relationship between teacher and student behavior in classrooms for students with emotional and behavioral disorders: Transactional processes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14, 1–14. Wills, H., Kamps, D., Abbott, M., Bannister, H., & Kaufman, J. (2010). Classroom Observations and Effects of Reading Interventions for Students at Risk for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 35(2), 103-119.

Engage In Personal Development Essay

Understand what is required for competence in own work role 1. Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role To assist service user or individual in the care home with everyday tasks such as washing, toileting, dressing, eating, drinking. To assist with mobility and disability. To help in the promotion of mental and physical activity through talking and reading with them, encourage them to do what they can do in order to promote their independents. Follow policies and procedure at all times and report any changes to service user’s health or circumstances. 2. Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards. There are two main standards that I am expected to be able to comply with. The National Minimum standards The purpose of these standards is set to out the national minimum training standards for health care support workers and adult social care workers in Wales. These standards define the minimum you should know, irrespective of your individual work role. Often you will gain knowledge during a period of induction in the first weeks or months of your employment. While meeting these minimum standards is not the same as being competent in your role, they do provide the foundation for safe and effective practice. The standards do not seek to set out competences for workers, but correspond to the underpinning knowledge within the core competences for healthcare support workers and adult social care workers. The National Occupational standards These apply across the whole UK, and explain what you need to know and be able to do in order to work effectively in social care. Should be able to  demonstrate competence in these areas that’s why the management in our nursing home are making sure we have enough training and support in order to be more competence in our job. Outcome 2 Be able to reflect on practice 1. Explain the importance of reflective practice in continuously improving the quality of service provided. Reflective practice is the process that enables individuals to achieve better understanding of themselves, their understanding, their skills, competencies and their workplace practices in general. Reflective practice allows us to reflect on our actions and experiences so that we can learn from them and adapt our behavior accordingly. Reflective practice can be uncomfortable as it challenges our own assumptions about ourselves however it is vital for improving the quality of the service we provide. Reflective practice will make us more self-aware, this will raise our own awareness of others and increase sensitivity to their needs and perception of how we care for them. 3. Describe how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice Personal values and beliefs are an important part of personal growth and happiness. As human beings, we all have our own values, beliefs and attitudes that we have developed throughout the course of our lives. Our families, friends, community and the experiences we have had, all contribute to our sense of pride and how we care for each other. Our experiences also affect how we value the importance of family and friendships. Religious beliefs affect how we feel about right and wrong. Significant or unexpected life events such as death of love ones impact on what we value as being important. All people are entitled to their own point of view, their own values and beliefs, but they must never force those values and beliefs onto others. We must always take great care to treat all service user and all individuals equally. Our values and beliefs affect the quality of our work and all interpersonal relationships. Outcome 3Be able to evaluate own performance 1. Evaluate own knowledge, performance and understanding against relevant standards. My knowledge and performance follows the relevant standards such as every member of staff requires crb check to ensure they are meeting the standards of the CSSIW by not obtaining any criminal convictions to ensure resident or service user are not put at any risk. Manual handling standards have to be met by using hoists, slings and slide sheets with the residents who require this and making sure they are used correctly because it will cause danger and harm to the service users. Other standards that have to be followed are infection control, we have to maintain cleanliness in the home and prevent all cross contamination in the home. Outcome 4Be able to agree a personal development plan 1. Identify sources of support for planning and reviewing own development There are many sources of support that you can access and many different ways you can help yourself. The appraisal or supervision system in my workplace can be a good starting point. This will help me identify areas of my practice that’s needs to be improve and develop. Supervision gives you a good opportunity to use the experience and knowledge of your supervisor to help you plan how to move forward to your practice. All the trainings provided by the management of the home are effective support for me by gaining knowledge so that I can use as my guide to develop and improves my job role as a carer and as individual as well. Outcome 5Be able to use learning opportunities and reflective practice to contribute to personal development 1. Evaluate how learning activities have affected practice. I attended a course on confidentiality by my employer. The covered areas such as confidentiality policies and when to seek help for confidentiality matter. The aim of the course was to enhance and update staff knowledge on the  intricacies of confidentiality and when to break confidentiality. This course was very interesting, and learned new things that I was not aware of. We had given a scenario in our training, when a service user confided to you and told you a staff has abused but the service user don’t want you tell anyone and keep it secret. From I was taught in the course that confidentiality should be broken when there is a possibility of danger to the service use. So from that course it gave me knowledge and help me in decision making as I now feel confident that I am following correct procedure in such events. 3.Show how to record progress in relation to personal development To record my progress I would make a grid for my goals and work towards a completion date for each goal as a care assistant. You have to identify skill and knowledge would like to improve. Here is an example: 1.Issue 2.What do I want to achieve? 3.How am I going to achieve this? 4.Comments 5.Target date 6.Colleague feedback 7.etc. Once you have completed your plan, you can identify the areas on which you need to concentrate. You should set some goals and targets. And your supervisor should be able to help you ensure they are realistic. This is a personal development programme in order to reflect not only the objectives and the job roles needs to develop and improve.

Legal

Legal Ethics is an important part of the field of nursing; it concerns moral aspects of people behavior and attitudes. As practice shows, there are often ethical dilemmas related to personal responsibilities and freedoms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal-Ethical Issues Affecting Patient Rights for the Elderly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every patient has their legal rights and every nurse practitioner is to respect those rights regardless of gender and age of the patient (Kapp, 2000). It is important that elderly patients and their loved ones be aware of the ethical issues that may arise and be ready to cope with them. Healthcare professionals working with the elderly face complex situations related to many legal and ethical issues. The moral and legal standards for people caring for the elderly remain critical for ensuring that older persons access quality services. Ethical issues are a commonplace in our modern society. People who respect moral issues are frequently confronted with situations requiring them to make ethical choices. It is a commonplace to find some people confronted with ethical dilemmas (Kapp, 2000). Older adults are frequently more susceptible to those than the average people are. The people who are trusted to care for the older adults sometimes take advantage of the older person’s condition for different reasons (Tabloski, 2010). The legal and ethical issues that affect patient rights of the elderly include confidentiality, informed consent, relationships, and medical code. Confidentiality is one of the legal and moral issues that affect the patients rights for the elderly. Healthcare professionals should normally keep details about their elderly clients confidential. They should show respect for the autonomy of their elderly clients. Disclosing information about patients is legally and morally incorrect (Tabloski, 2010). However, healthcare professionals are som etimes confronted with the legal and ethical dilemma of having to release information about their patients to the family members. Healthcare malpractice is also both a legal and moral issue that affects the patient rights for the elderly (Pozgar, 2010). The professionals who offer healthcare services to older persons must always put safety and health of their clients first. Injuries related to medical processes, the use of faulty equipment or medicine, and deliberate acts that cause harm to the elderly have both legal and moral consequences (Kapp, 2000). Healthcare professionals practice defensive medicine to avoid litigations from the family members of their elderly patients who may allege negligence.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The law protects the concept of informed consent in healthcare profession because it is both a legal and moral issue. All patients must give consent to permit treatment to take place (Pozgar, 2010). However, informed consent presents many challenges for healthcare professionals who work with the elderly because it has serious legal and moral implications. Sometimes the elderly cannot give consent to sanction their treatment because they may be too weak. The elderly person, who requires surgery but cannot offer consent, presents the healthcare professionals with serious dilemmas (Kapp, 2000). When treating an elderly person, doctors face potential dilemma between morality and the law. The kind of relationship that healthcare professionals can have with their elderly clients can have legal and moral implications in relation to patient rights for the elderly (Kapp, 2000). Associating with the elderly clients is protected by the medical code of ethics. Healthcare professionals who violate the ethical codes with their elderly clients face the risk of being disqualified from the roll of practitioners. The Purpose of Advan ced Directives If a serious medical condition does not allow people to take decisions regarding their treatment, this responsibility goes to the patients relatives. If there are no relatives, the physician or the hospital can fall responsible for your further treatment. However, preparing An Advance Directive is a way to predict such a situation and make sure that only you will be responsible for your end of life treatment. The Advance Directive will provide guidance to those responsible for the patients treatment when he/she is unable to make decisions independently. Advance Directives entail the legal papers where people spell out their decisions in relation to the end of life healthcare services in advance. The fundamental reason why people draw advance directives is to ensure that they can access the specific treatment they want, as well as refuse healthcare services they do not want. (Tabloski, 2010).  . It is significant in reducing confusion during the end of life healthcar e provision. Advance directives are a commonplace in the elderly healthcare service delivery. (Tabloski, 2010). The application of advance directives remains crucial to the provision of quality healthcare to the elderly. The notable issues that advance directives cover include the application of breathing machines to prolong the life of older persons. The elderly can also spell out whether they would permit healthcare professionals to perform resuscitation procedure on them should they face breathing problems. Furthermore, the elderly can declare whether they would permit maintenance of their life using tube feeding (Tabloski, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal-Ethical Issues Affecting Patient Rights for the Elderly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is notable that sometimes healthcare professionals make decisions to ignore advance directives drafted by the elderly. This is a commonplace in scenarios whe re doctors consider such directives irrelevant based on their moral standards. It is also possible for doctors to refuse directives because of misinterpretation of the law and inconsistencies associated with moral consciences and professional responsibilities (Rai Rai, 2009). It is advisable that elderly people share their advance directives with their doctors to get opinion on whether they can accept their proposals. Advance directives also allow the elderly to choose their medical proxies who can make treatment decisions on their behalf. The individual selected as a medical proxy enjoys the durable power of attorney for healthcare because they can make decisions on behalf of the elderly (Rai Rai, 2009). Medical proxies can only have the power to make such decisions after the doctors have declared that the elderly person cannot make treatment choices on their own. Advance directives contain various advantages. The document is significant as it shows the direction people would wan t their treatment to take. Healthcare professionals can determine the road according to the thoughts and ideas about death and treatment choices made by the person drawing the directive. The fact that people have varying values and beliefs is also considered during drafting of the directives. Elderly people can lose decision-making ability when they become seriously ill (Swota, 2009). Therefore, the directive is the only way they can maintain control of their treatment desires and options during the time when they are less competent and conscious. The document also reduces stress and misunderstanding among family members in relation to their varying decisions on appropriate treatment and care for their older person (Swota, 2009). The document is critical for enabling family members, who may undergo emotional breakdown during such times, find easy ways of handling their decision-making challenges in relation to their sick family member. References Kapp, M. B. (2000).  Geriatrics an d the law: Understanding patient rights and professional responsibilities. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pozgar, G. D. (2010).  Legal and ethical issues for health professionals. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Rai, G. S., Rai, G. S. (2009).  Medical ethics and the elderly. Oxford: Radcliffe Pub. Swota, A. H. (2009).  Culture, ethics, and advance care planning. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Tabloski, P. (2010). Gerontological Nursing (2nd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson  Health Science.

National Stepfamily Resource Center Essay Essay Example

National Stepfamily Resource Center Essay Essay Example National Stepfamily Resource Center Essay Essay National Stepfamily Resource Center Essay Essay The first measure towards blending of a stepfamily is both parents taking a committedness to invariably work at their jobs and non give up when the traveling gets tough. Both of them have to understand the complexness of the state of affairs before acquiring into it. since kids with sensitive heads are traveling to be involved in the procedure. They besides have to see the fiscal portion of the whole trade. good in progress. to forestall struggles at a ulterior clip ( APA Health Center 2004 ) . The biological parent has to convey the thought of get downing a stepfamily to the kid. long before it really becomes a world. This is to guarantee that the kid is given adequate clip to get by up and go comfy with the new agreement. Before get downing a stepfamily. both spouses have to guarantee that they have sorted out issues from their past matrimonies. They should take equal clip to mend and recover from the old relationship. so that they are emotionally ready to get down another relationship. After all. a bad relationship surely can non seed the seeds for a successful stepfamily. Childs are really susceptible to their environment during their formative old ages. Hence. both parents should exert utmost cautiousness and restraint to forestall the kid from witnessing struggles and statements. in order to be healthy role-models ( Way2Hope ) . Parents should be mentally ready to manage letdowns and maladjustments at foremost. since a stepfamily is surely non designed to be an ideal agreement. The key is to bit by bit construct regard and trust with members of the stepfamily. Children need to be invariably reassured that they were non responsible for the dissolution of the old matrimony with the biological parent. particularly if the cause of separation is the decease of a parent. There needs to be an unfastened communicating channel with the kids in the signifier of little treatments. so that kids are non left stranded with confusions. unreciprocated inquiries and repressed emotions. A parent has to guarantee that stepchild and biological kid are non discriminated and given equal attending. It is indispensable for a parent to speak entirely with the biological kid every bit good as stepchild. so that they can understand each other better. They have to happen ways to link to the kids by organizing new household traditions that take topographic point on a regular footing. One of the facets of a closely-knit household is making things together. which brings in squad spirit and the joy of sharing. Once a household tradition starts to go on on a regular basis. it gives a sense of togetherness to the kids and would be a measure in the right way towards constructing a blended household. Family game darks. monthly field daies. annual holiday and Thanksgiving Day dinner could all really good be good household traditions that could populate on for old ages. possibly even coevalss. Care has to be taken to guarantee that the relationship between the stepchild and biological parent is sustained. since the kid needs attention from the biological parent to see a wholesome childhood ( All About Life Challenges ) . However. kids turning under joint detention of detached parents end up being raised under two families with different regulations and patterns ( National Stepfamily Resource Center ) . Hence. this may take to the kid acquiring assorted messages from both parents and being forced into a province of confusion. Hence. both the biological parent and measure parent have to speak with each other and come to a decision about the methods of training and handling the kid. Even after making these things right. if the kid finds it difficult to accommodate to the blended household. the parents should give it some clip for things to work their manner out of course and be unfastened to the thought of seeking professional aid if needed. Giving kids infinite to do up their ain heads at their ain gait is the key to constructing new relationships with them. For case. it is non just to anticipate a stepchild to turn to a measure parent as â€Å"dad† or â€Å"mom† since their biological parent is non replaceable ( Jaffe et. al 2008 ) . In due class of clip. household bonds would finally turn stronger as the kid additions respect for the measure parent. Mention: All About Life Challenges. Blended Families – Common Sense. Retrieved 9 July 2008. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. allaboutlifechallenges. org/blended-families. htm gt ; APA Health Center. ( 2004 ) . Families: Making Stepfamilies Work. Retrieved 9 July 2008. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. apahelpcenter. org/articles/article. php? id=41 gt ; Jaffe. J. Segal. J. Hutman. S A ; Barston. S. ( 2008. 8 January ) . Blending Families: a Guide for Stepparents. HelpGuide. Retrieved 9 July 2008. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. helpguide. org/mental/blended_families_stepfamilies. htm gt ; National Stepfamily Resource Center. Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved 9 July 2008. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. stepfamilies. info/faqs/faqs. php gt ; Way2Hope. Blended Family Problems. Retrieved 9 July 2008. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. way2hope. org/blended_family_problems. htm gt ;

SB 1070 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SB 1070 - Essay Example The Illinois’s legislative bill 123 together with the Arizona’s â€Å"Support our law enforcement and safe Neighborhood Act† is the strictest and wider anti-illegal immigration legislative act in the recent times. This bill intends to include more provisions to the federal laws of the United States of America. First, it would be a crime for individual aliens to be in the state of Illinois without the registration documents. It would also restrict the other state, local agencies and officials from the restricting enforcement of the federal immigration laws in the state of Illinois (Ferris, 289). It also provides for the crackdown for the individuals who are harboring, transporting or hiring aliens in the state illegally. This has been described as the strictest immigration law united states. The intent of these additional provisions was to reduce the number of illegal aliens who are estimated to approximately 460, 000 in Arizona only and even more in the state of Illinois and others states in the U.S. ... The act provides for the state law enforcements agencies to question, arrest or detain individuals who are reasonably suspected to be in the country illegally. In this context the act gives the state law enforcement agencies to enforce the law and ensure that the immigrants abide by the state laws. According to Warner (68), this is unconstitutional because the responsibility of enforcing the immigration laws is a federal responsibility and not a state responsibility. If there is reasonable suspicion that they might be in the country illegally, it is the responsibility of the federal governments to enforce the laws. The Illinois’s bill 123 can be described as a bill that affects foreign matters and hence its effect when passed into law would affect the foreign policy of not only the Illinois but also the United States o America. The unconstitutional nature of this act is that the state does not have powers to pass laws that affect the foreign policy and relations. According to Warner (69), just like the states have no authority of passing their own foreign policies or enter into treaties with the other nations of the world, they do not have immigration policies and laws. The argument here is that the immigration laws is an attribute of the foreign affairs and hence the state law enforcing agencies and officials do not have any little power to pass such laws. The signing of the law into affect would therefore mean that the state of Illinois has a different foreign policy compared to the United States of America foreign policies in general and hence it is therefore unconstitutional. The role of a state in enforcing federal immigration laws is provided for in the federal laws of the united state of America. However

Social Justice in the Holy War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Justice in the Holy War - Essay Example The same asserts as written in the Qur’an that it is the duty of all believers to engage in this war â€Å"with their goods and lives† for they will be rewarded if slain in the process (K. 3:157-158, 169-172); while those who do not participate in this endeavour shall expect relentless retribution at their doors (K. 9:81-82, 48:16). Regrettably, thousands of innocent civilians form part of the catastrophe with every assault; worse, it is not adequately rationalized how such injustice can be irreproachable. This lifelong discord between Muslims and the Western religions is in reference to their separate views on social justice. While most democratic countries do not interfere in the spiritual practices by legitimate organizations, they avow to implement essential measures should peace and order is compromised. Muslims are directed to stand against the enemy of the church and to readily use force when called for by the situation. Quite the opposite, the Western government and its constituents employ due process of law—conscientious deliberations are carried out before war is declared, and death sentence through electrocution, gas chamber, or lethal injection is conceded. Jihad entails exerting the maximum potential to attain a goal that is purely dedicated for God’s cause. One who is devoted to this cause is compelled to use all physical, intellectual, financial, economic, and spiritual capacities to service it; employs whatever force he or she can when confronting that which blocks his or her way; and when necessary dies for it (Jonsson 511). In other words, the cause justifies the means; that regardless of the consequence, the exercise of jihad is all that counts. Life itself is of lesser importance, and to live a life free of violence has no bearing at all. "The fruits of the greater jihad are the conviction that the individual sacrifices himself and his material well-being and must bear martyrdom for the purpose of confronting the enemy, in the way of God† (Hamzeh 37). Then again, the Muslims are encouraged to fight against seduction, superstition, wrong belief, carnal desire, and evil inclinations in the quest of intellectual and spiritual enlightenment (Jonsson 513). This notion of the greater jihad is a battle against oneself—to place â€Å"one’s power and faculties under the yoke of Allah’s commands and purging the domain of one’s body of satanic elements and their forces† (Hamzeh 36). To denounce evil in an effort to purify the body and soul is an exceptional Islamic doctrine that is in harmony with that of the other religions; yet, evil is another element that the former gives distinct connotations to. While the notorious Osama bin Laden, founder of the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda, bluntly refers to the Americans as abomination, those that suppose otherwise denies him the right to call himself a Muslim. In the Quran, two basic words, 'Adl and Qist, broadly t ranslates as justice. Adl in Islam means a balanced approach to all things, including life. Therefore, Adl also pertains to a person who is â€Å"morally, behaviorally, and spiritually balanced† (Barazangi, et al 19). Qust, on the other hand, refers to the way in which Muslims deal with one another, and God deals with us. Qist essentially concerns human social interaction, if we use the term to include both God and humans in this interchange. It includes the notion of fairness in dealing with others (Barazangi, et al 19). Authors Capeheart and Milovanovic propose that social justice is concerned not in the narrow focus of what is just for the individual alone, but what is just for the social whole. Given the current global condition, social justice must include an understanding